1st Edition

Routledge Handbook of China's Belt and Road Initiative in Eurasia

Edited By Mher Sahakyan, Kevin Lo Copyright 2026
    568 Pages 19 B/W Illustrations
    by Routledge

    This handbook critically analyses and examines the impact of China’s Belt and Road (BRI) geostrategy in Eurasia. Over the last decade the BRI helped bring China economic and political superpower status, but the Russo-Ukrainian war brought seismic geopolitical and geoeconomic impacts and a new struggle between great powers.  Covering the impact of the BRI and the positions of other great, middle, and small powers, the ten parts explain the geopolitical and geoeconomic dynamics along the Silk Road Economic Belt’s six major economic corridors, implementing case studies on Europe, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Russian far East, Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia.

     Expert scholars from East, West, North, and South engage with newer BRI concepts, such as the Digital Silk Road, the Green BRI, and the Space Silk Road, to create a book that will be of interest to policymakers, businesspeople, scholars, and students of area studies, cybersecurity and digitalization, economics, security studies, the politics of international trade, area studies, foreign policy, global governance, and international organizations.

    Table of Contents

    PART I

    1. Introduction of the Belt and Road Initiative in the Eurasian Continent

    MHER D. SAHAKYAN and KEVIN LO

    PART II

    Silk Road Economic Belt

     2. Rebuilding Eurasian Interconnectivity: China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor

    MHER D. SAHAKYAN

     3. Evolution of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor: Weighing functionality and rhetoric

    CONNOR JUDGE

     4. BRI's New Eurasian Land Bridge Economic Corridor: retaining its edge in an age of confrontation?

    CHRIS B. WENSINK

     5. Understanding Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor in the Era of Multipolar World Order 2.0: Perspectives from Bangladesh

    SHANJIDA SHAHAB UDDIN and RAIAN HOSSAIN

     6. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Multipolar World Order 2.0: Perspectives from India

    JOSEPH MOSES

     7. China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor in the era of Multipolar World Order 2.0: A case study of Lancang-Mekong Cooperation

    JINRUI LIU

     PART III

    Digital and Space Silk Roads

     8. The security dimension of the Digital Silk Road: from Netpolitik to Digitalpolitik

    PAULO AFONSO B. DUARTE, ANTÓNIO TAVARES, NASIM MOSAVI and FERNARDO PAULO LOPES AMORIM

     9. Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Cooperation in a Multipolar World Order: Implications for the Digital Silk Road

    GRACE X. YANG

     10. China’s Starry Constellations with Russia and the Global South: The Space Silk Road Analysed

    TIMNA MICHLMAYRand JAN ŽELEZNÝ

     PART IV

    Environmental Governance and Critical Raw Materials

     11. Environmental Governance of China's Belt and Road Initiative

    KEVIN LO

     12. Belt and Road Initiative’s impact on Critical Raw Materials in Eurasia:  The case of the EU

    GINA PANAGOPOULOU

     PART V

    Geopolitical Dynamics

     13. Unpacking Chinese Communication about the Belt and Road Initiative: Moral Realist Project in a World Order 2.0

    ÉRIC POMÈS AND MATTHIEU GRANDPIERRON

     14. China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the US Indo-Pacific Strategy: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis

    CHAOTING CHENG

     15. From Obama to Biden: The United States Position on BRI under the “China Threat” Narrative

     CHANG LIU and WANG JIATE

     PART VI

    Central Asia and the Russian Far East

    16. Multipolarity, the Rise of China, and Kazakhstan's Emergence as a Middle Power

    JESSICA NEAFIE

     17. The Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia: Opportunities and Challenges for Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

    JILDIZ NICHARAPOVA

    18. India and China's initiatives in Central Asia: Neither rivalry nor collaboration

    MAHESH RANJAN DEBATA

     19. Social Innovation Projects in Belt and Road Initiative Countries: Case Studies of Uzbekistan and China

    BAKHROM RADJABOV

     20. Chinese Investment in the Russian Far East: Problems and Prospects

    OLGA ZALESSKAIA

     PART VII

    South Caucasus

     21Beyond the West-Russia Dichotomy: Case Studies on the Hedging Strategies of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia

    MAXIMILIAN OHLE

    22. The International North-South Transport Corridor and the Belt and Road Initiative in the South Caucasus

    YEGHIA TASHJIAN

     PART VIII

    Middle East

     23The Belt and Road Initiative and China–GCC Relations: Strategic Partnerships in a Multipolar World Order 2.0

    STEVEN WRIGHT

     24. Prospects for New Infrastructure Cooperation between China and the Gulf Countries Under the Belt and Road Initiative

    CHUNCHU ZHANG

     25Iran's Look East Policy and the Energy Silk Road: The Energy Partnership of Iran and China

    TAMAS DUDLAK

     PART IX

    Europe

     26. Navigating the Silk Road in Central and Eastern Europe

    ZDENĚK ROD, TOMÁŠ KOLOMAZNÍK, RICHARD STRAKA, AND MIROSLAV PLUNDRICH

     27. Towards a Shared Future: Upgrade of Strategic Partnership between China and Serbia within the BRI framework

    NENAD STEKIĆ

     28Belt and Road Initiative 2.0 or a brand-new approach? The impact of communication in the Italian case study

    GIORGIO CARIDI

     PART X

    Conclusion

     29Conclusion: A Research and Policy Agenda for the Belt and Road Initiative

    KEVIN LO and MHER D. SAHAKYAN

    Biography

    Mher D. Sahakyan is a Fulbright Visiting Scholar at the School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University. He is the founding director of the China‑Eurasia Council for Political and Strategic Research in Armenia. Mher was an AsiaGlobal Fellow at the Asia Global Institute of the University of Hong Kong (2020/21 and 2022). He was a 2024 LEWI Visiting Fellow at the David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies at Hong Kong Baptist University. Mher holds a doctorate in international relations from China's Nanjing University. He is the editor of Routledge Handbook of Chinese and Eurasian International Relations and China and Eurasian Powers in Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cybersecurity, which Routledge published in 2024 and 2023.

    Kevin Lo is an Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Geography and Acting Director of the David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies of Hong Kong Baptist University. He has a PhD in Geography from the University of Melbourne. He is an Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Asian Energy Studies, an international peer-reviewed journal dedicated to interdisciplinary research on all aspects of energy studies in Asia. He has won several major competitive grants from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and has published in many leading journals, including Global Environmental ChangePolitical GeographyRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Energy PolicyEnergy for Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Science & PolicyCitiesHabitat International, and Journal of Rural Studies.

    "Amid geographically non-congruous arrangements gaining traction as a way of readjusting to the evolving power transition in the world, the Belt and Road Initiative continues to be a bellwether of ‘reglobalisation’. In its avatar 3.0, this ‘project of the century’ continues to encompass more than it old and new economic value, along with cultural, political, space, and security dynamics. The Routledge Handbook of China’s Belt and Road Inititiative in Eurasia demonstrates well how the Initiative facilitates the transformation of Asia into Eurasia and beyond, thus making this a multinetworked and multialigned ecosystem. It also underlines the BRI’s relevance as a global phenomenon despite the new political realities in the United States and the noise about China’s economic slowdown. Finally, in an era of ‘corridorisation’, the Handbook contributors reinforce the mantra: “It doesn’t matter whether the cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice.”

     - Dr Narayanappa Janardhan, Director, Research and Analysis, Anwar Gargash Diplomatic Academy, Abu Dhabi

    "Dr. Mher D. Sahakyan and Dr. Kevin Lo united scholars from different parts of the world to present all voices from East, West, North, and South. The authors analyzed the Belt and Road Initiative’s corridors, providing recommendations on the further development of the initiative. The authors have introduced case studies on Central Asia, the Middle East, the South Caucasus, Europe, and other regions to bring facts in detail. Among the key topics of the Routledge Handbook of China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Eurasia, authors are chapters on the Digital and Space Silk Road, environmental Governance, and Critical Raw Materials. Authors’ interviews with practitioners and scholars from different Eurasian states also bring credibility to this work. 

    According to his study, the Belt and Road Initiative in a Eurasian continent under a Multipolar World Order 2.0 is an essential building blok, and it will be more crucial to global geopolitics, peace, and development. As this study suggests, China and Eurasian countries can utlise opportunities and resolve the challenges within and beyond the BRI. In my opinion, the features of this new Handbook are consistent with the substances of the conjunction of global initiatives, which brings additional opportunities for further research.

    There is no doubt that in a Multipolar World Order 2.0 the Routledge Handbook of China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Eurasia, which represents the collaboration among and beyond Eurasian academic boundaries or nationalities, will provide scholarly welfare and inspiration for global readers, bringing new ideas and research."

    - Zheng Yuntian (Professor at the School of International Studies, Renmin University of China, director of the World Socialism Institute in RUC)